My blood test analysis
This is a **serum chemistry and thyroid function test report** from a medical laboratory. Below is an explanation of the results, organized by category:
---
### **1. Electrolytes & Kidney Function**
- **Sodium (143 mmol/L)** – Normal (136–145).
- **Potassium (4.3 mmol/L)** – Normal (3.5–5.1).
- **Urea (7.6 mmol/L)** – Normal (2.8–8.1).
- **Creatinine (74 µmol/L)** – Normal (44–82).
- **Estimated GFR** – The value appears incomplete or not reported clearly here. GFR measures kidney filtration rate.
---
### **2. Glucose & Liver Function**
- **Glucose, Fasting (4.8 mmol/L)** – Normal (3.9–5.5).
- **Total Protein (62 g/L)** – **Low** (ref: 64–83).
- **Albumin (34 g/L)** – **Low** (ref: 36–48).
*Low albumin and total protein can indicate malnutrition, liver disease, kidney loss, or inflammation.*
- **Total Bilirubin (6 µmol/L)** – Normal (≤21).
- **Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) (55 U/L)** – Normal (30–124).
- **Alanine Aminotransferase (27 U/L)** – Normal (≤35).
---
### **3. Lipid Profile (Fasting)**
- **Cholesterol (5.3 mmol/L)** – Slightly above desirable (<5.0).
- **Triglycerides (0.6 mmol/L)** – Desirable (<1.7).
- **HDL-Cholesterol (1.9 mmol/L)** – **High** (desirable <1.0 — note: *this reference seems unusual; typically higher HDL is better*).
- **LDL-Cholesterol (3.1 mmol/L)** – Slightly above desirable (<3.0).
- **Non-HDL Cholesterol (3.4 mmol/L)** – Desirable (<3.8).
*Note: Lipid references follow ESC/EAS 2016 guidelines. HDL is usually considered protective; a value of 1.9 is generally good.*
---
### **4. Thyroid Function**
- **TSH (1.10 mIU/L)** – Normal (typically 0.4–4.0).
- **Free T4 (15.5 pmol/L)** – Normal (usually ~12–22).
*Both suggest normal thyroid function.*
---
### **5. Flags & Notes**
- **L** next to Total Protein and Albumin indicates **Low** result.
- GFR result is unclear (looks like “JB” or incomplete).
- References for glucose note different guidelines (ADA 2003, NHO 2006).
- Lipid guidelines are from European cardiology standards (2016).
- Report validated by **KONG Chi Yin**.
---
### **Summary Interpretation**
- **Kidney and electrolytes**: Normal.
- **Liver enzymes**: Normal, but **low albumin and total protein** need clinical review.
- **Lipids**: Generally good, with slightly elevated total and LDL cholesterol.
- **Thyroid**: Normal.
- **Fasting glucose**: Normal.
**Recommendation:** Discuss low protein/albumin with a doctor to check for underlying causes such as dietary intake, liver function, or kidney issues. Slight cholesterol elevation may warrant lifestyle advice.
这是一份血清生化和甲状腺功能化验单
好的，这是一份**血清生化和甲状腺功能化验单**的详细解读。
### **核心摘要**
总的来说，这是一份结果**基本正常但有少量异常**的报告。
* **肾功能**：略有下降，需关注。
* **肝功能**：转氨酶正常，但**总蛋白和白蛋白偏低**，需要查找原因。
* **血脂与血糖**：整体控制良好。
* **甲状腺功能**：完全正常。
--
### **分项详细解读**
#### **1. 电解质与肾功能**
* **钠、钾**：均在正常范围内。
* **尿素、肌酐**：血清肌酐值正常，但**估算肾小球滤过率为 78 mL/min/1.73m²**。
* **解读**：eGFR 78 属于**慢性肾脏病（CKD）2期（轻度下降）**。对于年轻人，这可能提示早期肾功能减退；对于老年人，可能属于与年龄相关的生理性下降。**关键是需要结合尿检（特别是尿蛋白/尿微量白蛋白）来评估是否存在肾脏损伤。**
* **建议**：咨询医生，通常需要检查**尿白蛋白/肌酐比值**以排除蛋白尿。
#### **2. 肝功能**
* **总蛋白 (62 g/L)**：**偏低**（参考范围 64-83）。可能原因包括营养摄入不足、肝脏合成功能下降、或从肾脏/肠道丢失。
* **白蛋白 (34 g/L)**：**偏低**（参考范围 36-48）。这是总蛋白偏低的主要原因。低白蛋白常见于营养不良、慢性肝病、肾病综合征、慢性炎症或消耗性疾病。
* **胆红素、碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶**：全部正常，说明没有明显的肝细胞损伤或胆汁淤积。
* **建议**：**低白蛋白和总蛋白是这份报告最需要关注的异常点**，应与医生共同探讨可能原因，并进行相关检查（如营养评估、尿蛋白检查、肝脏超声等）。
#### **3. 血脂（空腹）**
* **总胆固醇 (5.3 mmol/L)**：略高于理想值（<5.0），属于边缘升高。
* **甘油三酯 (0.6 mmol/L)**：非常理想（<1.7）。
* **高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (1.9 mmol/L)**：**偏高**。HDL是“好胆固醇”，越高对心血管保护作用越强，这是一个**有利的结果**。
* **低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (3.1 mmol/L)**：略高于理想值（<3.0），属于边缘升高。
* **非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (3.4 mmol/L)**：在理想范围内（<3.8）。
* **整体评价**：血脂谱总体**良好**。突出的“好胆固醇”（HDL）高是有益的。总胆固醇和“坏胆固醇”（LDL）的轻微升高可通过饮食和运动改善。
#### **4. 血糖与甲状腺功能**
* **空腹血糖 (4.8 mmol/L)**：完全正常。
* **促甲状腺激素 (1.10 mIU/L) & 游离甲状腺素 (15.5 pmol/L)**：两者均在正常范围内，表明**甲状腺功能正常**。
---
### **给您的行动建议**
1. **首要任务**：带着这份报告**咨询医生（建议肾内科或全科/内科）**。重点讨论两个问题：
* **eGFR 78（轻度肾功能下降）** 的临床意义及后续监测方案。
* **总蛋白和白蛋白偏低**的可能原因及需要补充的检查（如尿常规、营养评估等）。
2. **生活方式**：继续保持健康的饮食（可适当增加优质蛋白摄入如鸡蛋、牛奶、鱼肉、豆制品，但需在医生指导下进行）和规律运动，这对改善边缘升高的胆固醇和整体健康有益。
3. **定期复查**：根据医生建议，定期复查肾功能、肝功能、血脂及尿蛋白等指标。
**请注意**：此解读仅为基于报告信息的医学知识科普，不能替代执业医师的面对面诊断。所有诊疗决策请务必与您的主治医生共同商定。
Yes, in medical check-ups, there is a test called estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR).
What is eGFR?
- eGFR stands for estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate.
- It is a blood test commonly used to check how well your kidneys are working.
- The test estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli (tiny filters in the kidneys) each minute.
Why is eGFR important?
- Kidney Function: eGFR helps assess kidney function and stages of kidney disease.
- Early Detection: It can detect kidney problems early, often before symptoms appear.
- Management: It helps doctors monitor chronic kidney disease (CKD) and adjust medications if needed.
How is eGFR calculated?
- eGFR is calculated using the level of creatinine in your blood, along with factors like age, sex, and sometimes race.
- You do not have to do anything special to prepare for this test—just a routine blood sample.
Normal Values
- A normal eGFR is 90 mL/min/1.73 m² or higher.
- Lower numbers may indicate kidney disease:
- 60–89: Mild decrease (often not significant unless with other signs)
- 30–59: Moderate decrease (Stage 3 CKD)
- 15–29: Severe decrease (Stage 4 CKD)
- <15: Kidney failure (Stage 5 CKD)
In summary:
- eGFR is a key indicator of kidney health, often included in routine blood tests.
- Abnormal results should be discussed with your healthcare provider for further assessment.
If you have more specific questions about eGFR or other blood tests, feel free to ask!
2025 11 22
Of course. Here is a detailed explanation of creatinine.
### What is Creatinine?
In simple terms, **creatinine is a waste product** produced by your muscles.
To be more precise:
* **Source:** It comes from the normal breakdown of **creatine phosphate**, a molecule your muscles use for energy.
* **Production:** The rate of production is relatively constant and is tied to your muscle mass. So, a larger, more muscular person will naturally produce more creatinine than a smaller, less muscular person.
* **Elimination:** Your body has no use for creatinine. It is filtered out of your blood by the **kidneys** and then excreted in your **urine**.
---
### Why is it Important? The Kidney Connection
Creatinine is primarily important because it is a key **marker for kidney function**. Since the kidneys are responsible for removing creatinine from the blood, the level of creatinine in your blood is a very good indicator of how well they are working.
* **Healthy Kidneys:** When kidneys are functioning properly, they efficiently filter out creatinine, keeping blood levels low and stable.
* **Impaired Kidneys:** If the kidneys are damaged or not working well, their ability to filter creatinine decreases. This causes creatinine to build up in the blood.
Therefore, a **blood test measuring creatinine levels** is one of the most common ways to check for kidney disease.
---
### How is Creatinine Measured?
There are two main types of tests:
1. **Serum Creatinine Test:** This is a blood test that measures the amount of creatinine in your blood. The result is usually given in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or micromoles per liter (µmol/L).
2. **Creatinine Clearance Test:** This is a more comprehensive test that involves collecting all the urine you produce over a 24-hour period, along with a blood sample. It measures how much creatinine is being cleared from your blood into your urine over a set time, giving a more direct measure of the kidney's filtration rate.
From the serum creatinine result, doctors often calculate the **Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)**, which is a more accurate estimate of kidney function that also takes into account your age, sex, and sometimes race.
---
### Normal Creatinine Levels
Normal ranges can vary slightly between labs, but generally:
* **For adult men:** **0.74 to 1.35 mg/dL** (or 65 to 119 µmol/L)
* **For adult women:** **0.59 to 1.04 mg/dL** (or 52 to 92 µmol/L)
**Why the difference?** Men typically have more muscle mass than women, so they produce more creatinine.
**Important:** "Normal" is also personal. A level of 1.2 might be normal for a muscular young man but could be a sign of concern for an elderly woman with very little muscle mass.
---
### What Does a High Creatinine Level Mean?
A high serum creatinine level generally suggests impaired kidney function. This can be due to:
* **Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):** Long-term conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes.
* **Acute Kidney Injury (AKI):** A sudden drop in kidney function caused by severe infection, dehydration, medication side effects, or a blockage.
* **Kidney Obstruction:** Such as from kidney stones or an enlarged prostate.
* **Reduced Blood Flow to the Kidneys:** From heart failure, dehydration, or severe burns.
* **Muscle Breakdown (Rhabdomyolysis):** Extreme muscle damage releases large amounts of creatinine into the blood, overwhelming the kidneys.
* **High Protein Intake:** A very high-protein diet can slightly increase creatinine levels.
* **Certain Medications:** Some drugs, like some antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs like ibuprofen), can affect kidney function and raise creatinine.
---
### What Does a Low Creatinine Level Mean?
Low creatinine levels are less common and are usually not a major concern. They can be seen in:
* **Low Muscle Mass:** This is the most common reason, often seen in elderly individuals or people with muscle-wasting diseases.
* **Severe Malnutrition:** Inadequate protein intake can lead to reduced muscle mass and lower creatinine production.
* **Pregnancy:** Creatinine levels often drop during pregnancy due to increased blood volume and kidney filtration.
* **Liver Disease:** The liver produces creatine, which is used by the muscles. Severe liver disease can impair this process.
---
### In a Nutshell
| Aspect | Summary |
| :--- | :--- |
| **What it is** | A waste product from muscle metabolism. |
| **Why it's tested** | It's a primary indicator of **kidney function**. |
| **High Level** | Typically suggests **kidney impairment** or damage. |
| **Low Level** | Often points to **low muscle mass**. |
If you have concerns about your creatinine levels, it is essential to discuss them with a healthcare professional who can interpret your results in the context of your overall health.
***Disclaimer:*** *This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health.*
Of course. Let's break down **Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)**.
### What is eGFR?
In simple terms, the **eGFR is the best overall indicator of how well your kidneys are working.** It tells you how much blood your kidneys are filtering per minute.
* **"GFR" stands for Glomerular Filtration Rate.** The glomeruli are the tiny, intricate filters in your kidneys. The GFR is the *actual* rate at which these filters clean your blood.
* **"e" stands for Estimated.** Measuring the true GFR is complex and requires specialized tests. The eGFR is a **calculation** that provides a very good estimate of your true GFR, using your Serum Creatinine level and other factors.
---
### Why is eGFR So Important?
While a creatinine level is a useful data point, the eGFR is a much more powerful and intuitive measure because it **gives a complete picture**.
Think of it like this:
* **Creatinine** is like the "smoke" coming from a factory's chimney.
* **eGFR** is like calculating the factory's actual *production rate*, after accounting for the size of the factory, the number of workers, etc.
The eGFR is crucial because it:
1. **Detects Kidney Disease Early:** It can identify kidney damage even before you have symptoms.
2. **Stages Kidney Disease:** It provides a number that allows doctors to classify the severity of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) into stages.
3. **Monitors Progression:** It helps track whether kidney function is stable, improving, or getting worse over time.
---
### How is eGFR Calculated?
The eGFR is not a direct lab measurement. It's calculated using a mathematical formula. The most common formula used by labs in the US is the **CKD-EPI equation**.
The formula automatically factors in:
* **Your Serum Creatinine Level** (the most important variable)
* **Your Age** (kidney function naturally declines with age)
* **Your Sex** (men typically have more muscle mass than women)
* **Your Race** (historically, some equations included a factor for Black race due to higher average muscle mass, but this is being re-evaluated and phased out by many labs to avoid race-based medicine)
**You do not need to calculate this yourself.** Your lab report will provide the eGFR value.
---
### Understanding Your eGFR Result and the Stages of Kidney Disease
The eGFR is reported as milliliters per minute per 1.73 square meters of body surface area (mL/min/1.73m²). The most important thing is the number itself and what "stage" it falls into.
Here is the standard staging for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):
| Stage | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) | What It Means |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **G1** | **90 and above** | **Normal to High.** Normal kidney function but with some other signs of kidney damage (like protein in urine). |
| **G2** | **60 to 89** | **Mildly Reduced.** Slight loss of kidney function, again with other signs of damage. This is also common in healthy older adults. |
| **G3a** | **45 to 59** | **Mild to Moderately Reduced.** |
| **G3b** | **30 to 44** | **Moderately to Severely Reduced.** |
| **G4** | **15 to 29** | **Severely Reduced.** Preparation for kidney replacement therapy (dialysis or transplant) often begins. |
| **G5** | **Less than 15** | **Kidney Failure.** This stage is also called End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The kidneys have lost almost all ability to function. |
---
### Limitations and Important Considerations
* **It's an *Estimate*:** It's a very good one, but not perfect. Your true GFR might be slightly different.
* **Not for Everyone:** The standard eGFR calculation is less accurate for certain groups, including:
* **Children**
* **Pregnant women**
* **People with very large or very small muscle mass** (e.g., bodybuilders or amputees)
* **People eating a very high-protein or vegetarian diet**
* **A Single Number vs. Trend:** One slightly low eGFR does not automatically mean you have kidney disease. Doctors look for a pattern. A consistently low eGFR, or one that is trending down over time, is more concerning.
* **Other Tests:** eGFR is often interpreted alongside a **urine test for albumin** (a type of protein). Having both a low eGFR and protein in the urine is a strong sign of kidney damage.
### In a Nutshell
| Aspect | Summary |
| :--- | :--- |
| **What it is** | The **best estimate** of your kidney's filtering ability. |
| **Why it's tested** | To **screen for, diagnose, and stage** kidney disease. |
| **Normal Value** | **>90 mL/min/1.73 m²** (with no other signs of damage). |
| **Low Value** | Indicates **reduced kidney function**. The lower the number, the more severe the impairment. |
If you have your eGFR result, the most important step is to discuss it with your doctor. They can explain what it means in the context of your overall health, medical history, and other test results.
***Disclaimer:*** *This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider for the interpretation of your lab results and any health decisions.*
Based on the provided lab report, here is a conclusion and analysis of the results:
Overall Conclusion
All reported results are within their respective reference ranges. There is no evidence of anaemia, active inflammation, diabetes, or poor glycaemic control based on this report. The thyroid function results are not included in this page of the report.
Detailed Analysis of Presented Results
1. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): 11 mm/h
Interpretation: Normal
What it means: The ESR is a non-specific test for inflammation. Your result is well within the normal range (1 - 20 mm/h). This suggests no significant underlying inflammatory process at the time of the test.
2. Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c): 5.5%
Interpretation: Normal
What it means: HbA1c reflects your average blood sugar level over the past 2-3 months.
Your result of 5.5% is at the upper end of the normal range (4.0 - 5.6%) but is still classified as normal.
According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria, a value below 5.7% is considered "Normal".
Clinical Context: This result indicates good glycaemic control and does not suggest diabetes or prediabetes.
3. Important Note on HbA1c Reliability
The report includes a crucial disclaimer about HbA1c. It states that the result can be inaccurate in certain conditions:
Falsely Low A1c: Can occur if you have conditions that reduce red blood cell lifespan (like haemolytic anaemia, G6PD deficiency), or if you have had a recent blood transfusion.
Falsely High A1c: Can be caused by certain haemoglobin variants (haemoglobinopathies).
The report recommends a Complete Blood Count (CBC) to rule out these conditions if your HbA1c level ever seems inconsistent with your blood glucose levels or clinical picture. Since your result is normal and likely aligns with your health status, this is likely a standard cautionary note.
Summary of Findings
| Test | Your Result | Reference Range | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESR | 11 mm/h | 1 - 20 mm/h | Normal (No signs of significant inflammation) |
| HbA1c | 5.5 % | 4.0 - 5.6 % | Normal (No indication of diabetes) |
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